adjtimex.c

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/*
#define DEBUG

        adjtimex - display or set the kernel time variables


        AUTHORS
                ssd@nevets.oau.org (Steven S. Dick)
                jrv at comcast.net (Jim Van Zandt)

*/

#define _GNU_SOURCE             /* strptime is a GNU extension */

#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <mat.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/timex.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <syscall.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <utmp.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <linux/rtc.h>

#ifdef __alpha__
extern int adjtimex(struct timex *);
#else
#ifdef __ia64__
extern int adjtimex(struct timex *);
#else
_syscall1(int, adjtimex, struct timex *, txcp)
#endif
#endif
int F_print = 0;

#ifndef LOG_PATH
#define LOG_PATH "/var/log/clocks.log"
#endif
#ifndef WTMP_PATH
#define WTMP_PATH "/var/log/wtmp"
#endif

static unsigned long epoch = 1900; /* year corresponding to 0x00   */
 
 /* Here the information for CMOS clock adjustments is kept. */
#define ADJPATH "/etc/adjtime"

 /* used for debugging the code. */
 /* #define DEBUG */

#define RTC_JITTER .000025      /* assumed error in reading CMOS clock (sec) */
#define SECONDSPERDAY 86400
#define BUFLEN 128

static int cmos_fd = -1;

/* to enable use of /dev/rtc interface, we would initialize
   using_dev_rtc to -1.  However, reading /dev/rtc does not wait until
   the beginning of the next second.  It only returns the current
   timer value, so it's only accurate to 1 sec which isn't good enough
   for us.  I see this comment in drivers/char/rtc.c, function
   rtc_get_rtc_time(), in the kernel sources:

         * read RTC once any update in progress is done. The update
         * can take just over 2ms. We wait 10 to 20ms. There is no need to
         * to poll-wait (up to 1s - eeccch) for the falling edge of RTC_UIP.
         * If you need to know *exactly* when a second has started, enable
         * periodic update complete interrupts, (via ioctl) and then 
         * immediately read /dev/rtc which will block until you get the IRQ.
         * Once the read clears, read the RTC time (again via ioctl). Easy.

   However it doesn't say how to restore the interrupt setup.  Until I
   find out about that, I'll continue to use the poll-wait.  */
static int using_dev_rtc = 0;

struct hack {
  double ref;                   /* reference time for time hack */
  double sigma_ref;             /* expected error in above (or zero if
                                   no reference time available) */
  time_t log;                   /* reference time as time_t */
  double sys;                   /* system time */
  int tick;                     /* "tick" system parameter */
  int freq;                     /* "freq" system parameter */
  char sys_ok;                  /* nonzero if system clock undisturbed
                                   during previous period */
  double cmos;                  /* CMOS time */
  char cmos_ok;                 /* nonzero if cmos clock undisturbed
                                   during previous period */
  char valid;                   /* bit flags (see below) */
  double sys_rate, sys_sigma;
  double cmos_rate, cmos_sigma;
  double relative_rate, relative_sigma;
} prev;

/* constants for `valid' member of struct hack */
#define CMOS_VALID 1
#define SYS_VALID 2
#define REF_VALID 4

struct cmos_adj
{
  double ca_factor;
  long ca_adj_time;
  double ca_remainder;
} ca;

struct timex txc;

#define HELP 131

struct option longopt[]=
{
  {"adjust", 2, NULL, 'a'},
  {"compare", 2, NULL, 'c'},
  {"log", 2, NULL, 'l'},
  {"esterror", 1, NULL, 'e'},
  {"frequency", 1, NULL, 'f'},
  {"host", 1, NULL, 'h'},
  {"help", 0, NULL, HELP},
  {"interval", 1, NULL, 'i'},
  {"maxerror", 1, NULL, 'm'},
  {"offset", 1, NULL, 'o'},
  {"print", 0, NULL, 'p'},
  {"review", 2, NULL, 'r'},
  {"singleshot", 1, NULL, 's'},
  {"status", 1, NULL, 'S'},
  {"reset", 0, NULL, 'R'},
  {"timeconstant", 1, NULL, 'T'},
  {"tick", 1, NULL, 't'},
  {"utc", 0, NULL, 'u'},
  {"version", 0, NULL, 'v'},
  {"watch", 0, NULL, 'w'},
  {0,0,0,0}
};

int adjusting = 0;
int comparing = 0;
int logging = 0;
int reviewing = 0;
int resetting = 0;              /* nonzero if need to call
                                   reset_time_status() */
int interval = 10;
int count = 8;
int marked;
int universal = 0;
int watch;                      /* nonzero if time specified on command line */
int undisturbed_sys = 0;
int undisturbed_cmos = 0;
char *log_path = LOG_PATH;

char *timeserver;               /* points to name of timeserver */

void compare(void);
void failntpdate();
void reset_time_status(void);
static double compare_cmos_sys(void);
struct cmos_adj *get_cmos_adjustment(void);
void log_times(void);
int valid_system_rate(double ftime_sys, double ftime_ref, double sigma_ref);
int valid_cmos_rate(double ftime_cmos, double ftime_ref, double sigma_ref);
void sethackent(void);
void endhackent(void);
struct hack *gethackent(void);
void puthackent(struct hack *ph);
time_t mkgmtime(struct tm *tp);
int compare_tm(struct tm *first, struct tm *second);
static void *xmalloc(int n);
static void *xrealloc(void *pv, int n);
void review(void);
void kalman_update(double *x, int xr, double *p, double *h,
                   double *z, int zr, double *r);

void
usage(void)
{
  char msg[]=
"\n"
"Usage: adjtimex  [OPTION]... \n"
"Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are mandatory or optional\n"
"for short options too.\n"
"\n"
"Get/Set Kernel Time Parameters:\n"
"       -p, --print               print values of kernel time variables\n"
"       -t, --tick val            set the kernel tick interval in usec\n"
"       -f, --frequency newfreq   set system clock frequency offset\n"
"       -s, --singleshot adj      slew the system clock by adj usec\n"
"       -S, --status val          set kernel clock status\n"
"       -R, --reset               reset status after setting parameters\n"
"                                 (needed for early kernels)\n"
"       -o, --offset adj          add a time offset of adj usec\n"
"       -m, --maxerror val        set maximum error (usec)\n"
"       -e, --esterror val        set estimated error (usec)\n"
"       -T, --timeconstant val    set phase locked loop time constant\n"
"       -a, --adjust[=count]      set system clock parameters per CMOS \n"
"                                 clock or (with --review) log file\n"
"\n"
"Estimate Systematic Drifts:\n"
"       -c, --compare[=count]     compare system and CMOS clocks\n"
"       -i, --interval tim        set clock comparison interval (sec)\n"
"       -l, --log[=file]          log current times to file\n"
"           --host timeserver     query the timeserver\n"
"       -w, --watch               get current time from user\n"
"       -r, --review[=file]       review clock log file, estimate drifts\n"
"       -u, --utc                 the CMOS clock is set to UTC\n"
"\n"
"Informative Output:\n"
"           --help                print this help, then exit\n"
"       -v, --version             print adjtimex program version, then exit\n"
;

  fputs(msg, stdout);
  exit(0);
}

/* return apparent value of USER_HZ in HZ, minimum nominal and maximum
   values for tick in TICK_MIN TICK_MID and TICK_MAX, and maximum
   frequency offset in MAXFREQ */
void probe_time(int *hz, int *tick_min, int *tick_mid, int *tick_max,
                long *maxfreq)
{
  struct timex txc;
  int tick_orig, tick_lo, tick_try, tick_hi, i;

  txc.modes = 0;
  adjtimex(&txc);
  *maxfreq = txc.tolerance;
  tick_orig = tick_hi = txc.tick;
  tick_lo = tick_hi*2/3;
  for (i = 0; i < 15; i++)
    {                   /* conduct binary search for minimum
                           accepted tick value */
//      printf(" %d < minimum accepted tick value <= %d\n", tick_lo, tick_hi);
      txc.tick = tick_try = (tick_lo + tick_hi)/2;
      txc.modes = ADJ_TICK;
      if (adjtimex(&txc) == -1) tick_lo = tick_try;
      else tick_hi = tick_try;
    }
  *tick_min = tick_hi;
  tick_lo = tick_orig;
  tick_hi = tick_lo*4/3;
  for (i = 0; i < 15; i++)
    {                   /* conduct binary search for maximum
                           accepted tick value */
//      printf(" %d <= maximum accepted tick value < %d\n", tick_lo, tick_hi);
      txc.tick = tick_try = (tick_lo + tick_hi)/2;
      txc.modes = ADJ_TICK;
      if (adjtimex(&txc) == -1) tick_hi = tick_try;
      else tick_lo = tick_try;
    }
  *tick_max = tick_lo;
  *tick_mid = (*tick_min + *tick_max)/2;
  *hz = (900000/ *tick_min + 1100000/ *tick_max)/2;

  txc.tick = tick_orig;
  txc.modes = ADJ_TICK;
  adjtimex(&txc);               /* reset to original value */
}

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int ret, saveerr, changes;
    extern char *optarg;
    int c;

    txc.modes = 0;

    while((c = getopt_long_only(argc, argv, 
                                "a::c::l::e:f:h:i:m:o:prPPsPS:RT:t:uvw", 
                                longopt, NULL)) != -1)
      {
        switch(c)
          {
          case 'a':
            adjusting = 1;
            if (optarg)
              count = atoi(optarg);
            break;
          case 'c':
            comparing = 1;
            if (optarg)
              count = atoi(optarg);
            break;
          case 'l':
            logging = 1;
            if (optarg)
              log_path = strdup(optarg);
            if (!log_path)
              {
                fprintf (stderr, "insufficient memory\n");
                exit(1);
              }
            break;
          case 'h':
            timeserver = strdup(optarg);
            if (!timeserver)
              {
                fprintf (stderr, "insufficient memory\n");
                exit(1);
              }
            logging = 1;
            break;
          case 'r':
            reviewing = 1;
            if (optarg)
              log_path = strdup(optarg);
            if (!log_path)
              {
                fprintf (stderr, "insufficient memory\n");
                exit(1);
              }
            break;
          case 'i':
            interval = atoi (optarg);
            if (interval <= 1 || interval > 1000)
              {
                fprintf (stderr, "repeat interval out of range\n");
                exit (1);
              }
            break;
          case 'p':
            F_print = 1;
            break;
          case 'o':
            txc.offset = atol(optarg);
            txc.modes |= ADJ_OFFSET;
            break;
          case 's':
            txc.offset = atol(optarg);
            txc.modes |= ADJ_OFFSET_SINGLESHOT;
            break;
          case 'S':
            txc.status = atol(optarg);
            txc.modes |= ADJ_STATUS;
            break;
          case 'R': resetting = 1; break;
          case 'f':
            txc.freq = atol(optarg);
            txc.modes |= ADJ_FREQUENCY;
            break;
          case 'm':
            txc.maxerror = atol(optarg);
            txc.modes |= ADJ_MAXERROR;
            break;
          case 'e':
            txc.esterror = atol(optarg);
            txc.modes |= ADJ_ESTERROR;
            break;
          case 'T':
            txc.constant = atol(optarg);
            txc.modes |= ADJ_TIMECONST;
            break;
          case 't':
            txc.tick = atol(optarg);
            txc.modes |= ADJ_TICK;
            break;
          case 'u':
            universal = 1;
            break;
          case 'v':
            {
              printf("adjtimex %s\n", VERSION);
              exit(0);
            }
          case 'w':
            watch = 1;
            logging = 1;
            break;
          case HELP:
            usage();
            break;
          case '?':
          default:
            fprintf(stderr, "For valid options, try 'adjtimex --help'\n");
            exit(1);
          }
        }

    changes = txc.modes;

    if (count <= 0 ) {
      fprintf(stderr, "loop count out of range\n");
      exit(1);
    }

    if (reviewing)
      {
        review();
        exit(0);
      }

    if (adjusting || comparing)
      {
        if (changes || F_print)
          {
            fprintf(stderr, 
"-adjust or -compare cannot be used with any other options that"
" set values\n");
            exit(1);
          }
        compare();
      }    

    if (logging)
      {
        /*
        if (geteuid() != 0)
          {
            fprintf(stderr, "sorry, only root can record clock comparisons\n");
            exit(1);
          }
          */
        log_times();
        exit(0);
      }

    if ((txc.modes & ADJ_OFFSET_SINGLESHOT) == ADJ_OFFSET_SINGLESHOT && 
        txc.modes != ADJ_OFFSET_SINGLESHOT)
      {
        fprintf(stderr, "-singleshot cannot be used with "
                "any other option except -print\n");
        usage();
      }

    errno = 0;
    ret = adjtimex(&txc);
    saveerr = errno;
    if (F_print) {
        printf("         mode: %d\n"
               "       offset: %ld\n"
               "    frequency: %ld\n"
               "     maxerror: %ld\n"
               "     esterror: %ld\n"
               "       status: %d\n"
               "time_constant: %ld\n"
               "    precision: %ld\n"
               "    tolerance: %ld\n"
               "         tick: %ld\n"
               "     raw time:  %ds %dus = %d.%06d\n",
               txc.modes,
               txc.offset,
               txc.freq,
               txc.maxerror,
               txc.esterror,
               txc.status,
               txc.constant,
               txc.precision,
               txc.tolerance,
               txc.tick,
               (int)txc.time.tv_sec, 
               (int)txc.time.tv_usec,
               (int)txc.time.tv_sec, 
               (int)txc.time.tv_usec);
        if (saveerr == 0 && ret != 0)
            printf(" return value = %d\n", ret);
    }
    if (ret != 0 && saveerr != 0) {
        if (ret != -1)
            fprintf(stderr, "%d ", ret);
        errno = saveerr;
        perror("adjtimex");
        {
          int hz, tick_min, tick_mid, tick_max;
          long maxfreq;
          probe_time(&hz, &tick_min, &tick_mid, &tick_max, &maxfreq);
          
          printf("for this kernel:\n"
                 "   USER_HZ = %d (nominally %d ticks per second)\n"
                 "   %d <= tick <= %d\n"
                 "   %ld <= frequency <= %ld\n",
                 hz, hz, tick_min, tick_max, -maxfreq, maxfreq);
        }
        exit(1);
    }
    if (changes && resetting)
      reset_time_status();

    return 0;
}

static inline void
outb (short port, char val)
{
#ifdef USE_INLINE_ASM_IO
  __asm__ volatile ("out%B0 %0,%1"::"a" (val), "d" (port));

#else
  lseek (cmos_fd, port, 0);
  write (cmos_fd, &val, 1);
#endif
}

static inline unsigned char
inb (short port)
{
  unsigned char ret;

#ifdef USE_INLINE_ASM_IO
  __asm__ volatile ("in%B0 %1,%0":"=a" (ret):"d" (port));

#else
  lseek (cmos_fd, port, 0);
  read (cmos_fd, &ret, 1);
#endif
  return ret;
}

void
cmos_init ()
{
  if (using_dev_rtc < 0)
    {
      cmos_fd = open ("/dev/rtc", O_RDONLY);
      if (cmos_fd >= 0)
        {
          using_dev_rtc = 1;
          return;
        }
      using_dev_rtc = 0;
    }
  else if (using_dev_rtc > 0)
    return;

#ifdef USE_INLINE_ASM_IO
  if (ioperm (0x70, 2, 1))
    {
      fprintf (stderr, "clock: unable to get I/O port access\n");
      exit (1);
    }
#else
  if (cmos_fd < 0) 
    cmos_fd = open ("/dev/port", O_RDWR);
  if (cmos_fd < 0)
    {
      perror ("unable to open /dev/port read/write : ");
      exit (1);
    }
  if (lseek (cmos_fd, 0x70, 0) < 0 || lseek (cmos_fd, 0x71, 0) < 0)
    {
      perror ("unable to seek port 0x70 in /dev/port : ");
      exit (1);
    }
#endif
}

#define CMOS_READ(addr)      ({outb(0x70,(addr)|0x80); inb(0x71);})

static inline int
cmos_read_bcd (int addr)
{
  int b;

  b = CMOS_READ (addr);
  return (b & 15) + (b >> 4) * 10;
}

static void
cmos_read_time (struct tm *tm)
{
  if (using_dev_rtc > 0)
    ioctl (cmos_fd, RTC_RD_TIME, tm);
  else
    {
      long i;

      /* read RTC exactly on falling edge of update flag */
      /* Wait for rise.... (may take up to 1 second) */

      for (i = 0; i < 10000000; i++)
        if (CMOS_READ (10) & 0x80)
          break;

      /* Wait for fall.... (must try at least 2.228 ms) */

      for (i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
        if (!(CMOS_READ (10) & 0x80))
          break;

      /* The "do" loop is "low-risk programming" */
      /* In theory it should never run more than once */
      do
        {
          tm->tm_sec = cmos_read_bcd (0);
          tm->tm_min = cmos_read_bcd (2);
          tm->tm_hour = cmos_read_bcd (4);
          tm->tm_wday = cmos_read_bcd (6);
          tm->tm_mday = cmos_read_bcd (7);
          tm->tm_mon = cmos_read_bcd (8);
          tm->tm_year = cmos_read_bcd (9);
        }
      while (tm->tm_sec != cmos_read_bcd (0));
    }
}

static inline void 
xusleep(long microseconds)
{
  struct timespec ts;

  ts.tv_sec = microseconds/1000000;
  ts.tv_nsec = (microseconds - ts.tv_sec*1000000) * 1000;

  while (nanosleep (&ts, &ts) < 0)
    continue;
}

/* compare the system and CMOS clocks.  If "adjusting" is nonzero,
   adjust sytem time to match the CMOS clock. */
void
compare()
{
  struct timex txc;
  struct tm tm;
  time_t cmos_time;
  time_t last_time;
  double cmos_sec, system_sec, dif, dif_prev = 0.;
  FILE *adj;
  double factor;
  double cmos_adjustment;
  double not_adjusted;
  int loops = 0;
  extern char *optarg;
  struct timeval now;
  int wrote_to_log = 0;
  int hz, tick_min, tick_mid, tick_max;
  long maxfreq;

  probe_time(&hz, &tick_min, &tick_mid, &tick_max, &maxfreq);


      /* Read adjustment parameters first */
  if ((adj = fopen (ADJPATH, "r")) == NULL)
    {
      perror (ADJPATH);
      exit (2);
    }
  if (fscanf (adj, "%lf %ld %lf", &factor, &last_time, &not_adjusted) < 0)
    {
      perror (ADJPATH);
      exit (2);
    }
  fclose (adj);
#ifdef DEBUG
  /*
cmos clock last adjusted at Tue Aug 26 11:43:57 1997 (= 872610237)
          current cmos time Tue Aug 26 21:27:05 1997 EDT (= 872645225)
*/
  {
    struct tm bdt;
    if (universal)
      {
        bdt = *gmtime(&last_time);
        (void)mkgmtime(&bdt);   /* set tzname */
      }
    else
      {
        bdt = *localtime(&last_time);
        (void)mktime(&bdt);     /* set tzname */
      }
    printf ("cmos clock last adjusted %.24s %s "
            "(= %ld)\n", 
            ctime(&last_time), tzname[tm.tm_isdst?1:0], (long) last_time);
  }
#endif

  cmos_init ();

  while (count != 0)
    {
      if (count > 0) count--;

      cmos_read_time (&tm);

      /* fetch system time immediately */
      gettimeofday (&now, NULL);

      tm.tm_mon--;              /* DOS uses 1 base */
      tm.tm_wday -= 3;          /* DOS uses 3 - 9 for week days */
      tm.tm_isdst = -1;         /* don't know whether it's daylight */
      if ((tm.tm_year += (epoch - 1900)) <= 69)
        tm.tm_year += 100;

      if (universal)
        cmos_time = mkgmtime(&tm);
      else
        cmos_time = mktime (&tm);
      /* printf ("%s", asctime (&tm)); */

      system_sec = now.tv_sec + .000001*now.tv_usec;

      /* If we're adjusting time parameters, we want to make a log
         entry only for the first two comparisons (before we change
         the parameters).  Otherwise, we want to log the first and last
         comparisons in order to maximize the duration. */
      if (logging && (wrote_to_log ^ (adjusting?(loops==0):(count!=0))))
        {
          struct hack h;

          h.ref = 0;
          h.sigma_ref = 0;
          h.log = (time_t)system_sec;
          h.sys = system_sec;
          txc.modes = 0;
          adjtimex(&txc);
          h.tick = txc.tick;
          h.freq = txc.freq;
          h.sys_ok = wrote_to_log;
          h.cmos = cmos_time;
          h.cmos_ok = wrote_to_log;
          puthackent(&h);
          wrote_to_log = 1;
        }

#ifdef DEBUG
      printf ("       current cmos time %.24s %s (= %ld)\n", 
              asctime(&tm), tzname[tm.tm_isdst?1:0], (long) cmos_time);
#endif
      cmos_adjustment = ((double) (cmos_time - last_time))
        * factor / SECONDSPERDAY
        + not_adjusted;
      cmos_sec = cmos_time + cmos_adjustment;
#ifdef DEBUG
      printf (
"           time since last adjustment %10.6f days (= %9d sec)\n",
              (int) (cmos_time - last_time) / (double)SECONDSPERDAY,
              (int) (cmos_time - last_time));
      printf (
"                               factor %10.6f sec/day\n",
              factor);
      printf (
"                           adjustment %10.6f + %7.6f = %7.6f sec\n",
               ((double) (cmos_time - last_time))*factor/SECONDSPERDAY,
               not_adjusted, cmos_adjustment);
#endif
      dif = system_sec - cmos_sec;

      txc.modes = 0;
      if (adjtimex (&txc) < 0) {perror ("adjtimex"); exit(1);}
/*
                                       --- current ---   -- suggested --
cmos time     system-cmos  error_ppm   tick      freq    tick      freq
1094939320  -14394.974188
1094939330  -14394.971203      298.5  10001   1290819
1094939340  -14394.968203      300.0  10001   1290819    9998   1289097
*/

      if (! marked++ )
        {
          if (interval)
            printf (
"                                      --- current ---   -- suggested --\n"
"cmos time     system-cmos  error_ppm   tick      freq    tick      freq\n");
          else
            printf (
"cmos time     system-cmos  error_ppm   tick      freq\n");
        }
      printf ("%9ld  %11.6f",
              (long) cmos_sec,
              dif);
      if (++loops > 1)
        {                       /* print difference in rates */
#define SHIFT (1<<16)
          double second_diff, error_ppm;
          second_diff = dif - dif_prev;
          error_ppm = second_diff/interval*1000000;
          printf ("%11.1f %6ld %9ld",
                  error_ppm,
                  txc.tick,
                  txc.freq);
          if (loops > 2)
            {                   /* print suggested values */
              long tick_delta = 0, freq_delta = 0;
              
              tick_delta = ceil((-error_ppm + txc.freq/SHIFT - hz)/hz);
              error_ppm += tick_delta*hz;
              freq_delta = -error_ppm*SHIFT;
              printf("  %6ld %9ld\n",
                     txc.tick + tick_delta, txc.freq + freq_delta);
              if (loops > 4 && adjusting)
                {
                  txc.modes = ADJ_FREQUENCY | ADJ_TICK;
                  txc.tick += tick_delta;
                  txc.freq += freq_delta;
                  if (adjtimex (&txc) < 0) 
                    {
                      perror ("adjtimex"); 
                      exit(1);
                    }
                  if (resetting)
                    reset_time_status();
                  loops -= 3;
                }
            }
          else
            printf("\n");
            }
      else
        printf("\n");
      dif_prev = dif;
      if (interval == 0)
        break;
      if (count)                /* if it is not the last round */
        xusleep (interval*1000000L - 900000); /* reading RTC takes 1 sec */
    }
}

void reset_time_status()
{
  /* Using the adjtimex(2) system call to set any time parameter makes
     an early kernel (2.0.40 and 2.4.18 or later are reportedly okay)
     think the clock is synchronized with an external time source, so
     it sets the kernel variable time_status to TIME_OK.  Thereafter,
     it will periodically adjust the CMOS clock to match.  We prevent
     this by setting the clock, because that has the side effect of
     resetting time_status to TIME_BAD.  We try not to actually change
     the clock setting. */
  struct timeval tv1, tv2;
  long carry_sec, overhead_usec;
  if (gettimeofday(&tv1, NULL)) {perror("adjtimex"); exit(1);}
  if (gettimeofday(&tv2, NULL)) {perror("adjtimex"); exit(1);}
  overhead_usec = tv2.tv_usec - tv1.tv_usec + 
    1000000*(tv2.tv_sec - tv1.tv_sec);
  tv2.tv_usec += overhead_usec;
  carry_sec = tv2.tv_usec/1000000;
  tv2.tv_sec += carry_sec;
  tv2.tv_usec -= 1000000*carry_sec;
  if (settimeofday(&tv2, NULL)) {perror("adjtimex"); exit(1);}
}  

void log_times()
{
#ifdef NET_TIME_CLIENT
  struct protoent proto;
  int sockfd, val, len, c;
  struct sockaddr sa={AF_INET, "127.0.0.1"};
  struct hostent he;
#endif
  double sigma_ref, cmos_ahead;
  char ch, buf[64], *s;
  int n, ret;
  struct timeval tv_sys;
  struct timezone tz;
  struct tm bdt;
  time_t when, tref;
  double ftime_ref, ftime_sys, ftime_cmos;

  if (watch)
    {
      while(1) {
        printf("Please press <enter> when you know the time of day: ");
        ch = getchar();
        gettimeofday(&tv_sys, &tz);
        when = tv_sys.tv_sec;
        bdt = *localtime(&when); /* set default values for most fields */
        strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%Z", &bdt);
        printf("  system time then was %.24s %s\n", asctime(&bdt), buf);
        ftime_sys = tv_sys.tv_sec + tv_sys.tv_usec*.000001;
        printf("What time was that according to your reference (%s)?\n"
               "(hh:mm:ss, or `r' to retry, or `q' to quit): ", buf);
        if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) == NULL) exit(1);
        s = buf;
        while(isspace(*s)) s++;
        if (*s == 'q') exit(0);
        if (*s == 'r') continue;
        
        strptime(buf, "%T", &bdt); /* set time fields from user input */
        printf("      reference time is %s", asctime(&bdt));
        tref = ftime_ref = mktime(&bdt); /* construct a time_t
                                            corresponding to the user
                                            input */
        printf(" mktime returns time of %s", ctime(&tref));

        printf("reference time - system time = %12.3f - %12.3f "
               "= %4.3f sec\n", 
               ftime_ref, ftime_sys, ftime_ref - ftime_sys);

        printf("How big could the error be in this, in seconds?\n"
               "(or `r' to retry, or `q' to quit) [.5] : ");
        if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) == NULL) exit(1);
        s = buf;
        while(isspace(*s)) s++;
        if (*s == 'q') exit(0);
        if (*s == 'r') continue;

        n = sscanf(buf, "%lf", &sigma_ref);
        if (n < 1)
          sigma_ref = .5;
        else if (sigma_ref < .02)
          {
            printf("You get credit for .02 sec.\n");
            sigma_ref = .02;
          }
        break;
      }
    }
  else if (timeserver)
    {
      FILE *ifile;
      char command[128];
      char buf[BUFLEN];
      char *str[5];
      int i, n=0;
      double d, mean=0, val, var=0, num=0;

#ifdef NTPDATE_STUB
      ifile = fopen("../ntpdate-sample", "r");
#else
      sprintf(command, "ntpdate -d %.32s ", timeserver);
      ifile = popen(command, "r");
#endif
      if (ifile == NULL) failntpdate("call to ntpdate failed");

      /* read and save the significant lines, which should look like this:
filter offset: -0.02800 -0.01354 -0.01026 -0.01385
offset -0.013543
 1 Sep 11:51:23 ntpdate[598]: adjust time server 1.2.3.4 offset -0.013543 sec
 */
      while(fgets(buf, BUFLEN, ifile))
        if (strstr(buf, "offset") && n < 4)
          str[n++] = strdup(buf);
      fclose(ifile);
      if (n != 3) failntpdate("cannot understand ntpdate output");
      gettimeofday(&tv_sys, &tz);
      ftime_sys = tv_sys.tv_sec;


      /* ntpdate selects the offset from one of its samples (the one
         with the shortest round-trip delay?) */
      ftime_ref = ftime_sys + atof(strstr(str[2], "offset") + 6);

      {
        time_t now = (time_t)ftime_ref;
        bdt = *gmtime(&now);
        printf("      reference time is %s", ctime(&now));
        printf("reference time - system time = %12.3f - %12.3f "
               "= %4.3f sec\n", 
               ftime_ref, ftime_sys, ftime_ref - ftime_sys);
      }

      /* The first saved line shows the offsets for each of ntpdate's
         samples.  Find their variance, which we will use to indicate
         the accuracy of the offset we're using.  This is probably
         conservative, since the offset we're using is probably not
         close to the mean. */
      s = strstr(str[0], ":");
      if (s++ == NULL) failntpdate("cannot understand ntpdate output");
      for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
        {
          val = strtod(s, &s);
          d = val - mean;
          num += 1.;
          var = (num-1)/num*(var + d*d/num);
          mean = ((num-1.)*mean + val)/num;
        }
      sigma_ref = sqrt(var);

#ifdef OWN_IMPLEMENTATION
      /* this is not even close to working yet */
      proto = *getprotobyname("UDP");
      sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, proto.p_proto);
      he = *gethostbyname("localhost");
      len = he.h_length;
      memcpy(sa.sa_data, he.h_addr_list[0], len);

#ifdef SEND
      val = connect(sockfd, &sa, len);
      if (val == -1) {perror("connect"); exit(1);}
      /*
        int  connect(int  sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen );
        int  send(int  s,  const void *msg, int len , unsigned int flags);
        int sendto(int s, const void *msg, int  len  unsigned  int
        flags, const struct sockaddr *to, int tolen);
        */
#endif /* SEND */
      val = sendto(sockfd, (const void *)" ", 1, 0, &sa, len);
      if (val == -1) {perror("sendto"); exit(1);}
      sigma_ref = .010;
#endif /* OWN_IMPLEMENTATION */

    }
  else                          /* no absolute time reference */
    {
      time_t now;
      gettimeofday(&tv_sys, &tz);
      now = (time_t)tv_sys.tv_sec;
      bdt = *gmtime(&now);
      ftime_sys = tv_sys.tv_sec + tv_sys.tv_usec*.000001;
      ftime_ref = 0;
      sigma_ref = 0;
    }

  cmos_ahead = compare_cmos_sys();
  ftime_cmos = ftime_sys + cmos_ahead;

  /*
                 -reference-time- --------system-time---------- --cmos-time----
1997-06-14 20:22 888888888.888 -3 888888888.888 10000 6666666 n 888888888.888 y
*/

  {
    struct hack h;
    h.ref = ftime_ref;
    h.sigma_ref = sigma_ref;
    h.log = (time_t)ftime_ref;
    h.sys = ftime_sys;
    txc.modes = 0;
    ret = adjtimex(&txc);
    h.tick = txc.tick;
    h.freq = txc.freq;
    h.sys_ok = valid_system_rate(ftime_sys, ftime_ref, sigma_ref);
    h.cmos = ftime_cmos;
    h.cmos_ok = valid_cmos_rate(ftime_cmos, ftime_ref, sigma_ref);
    puthackent(&h);
  }
}

void failntpdate(char *s)
{
  fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", s);
  exit(1);
}

int valid_system_rate(double ftime_sys, double ftime_ref, double sigma_ref)
{
  int n;
  int default_answer;
  int ch;
  char buf[BUFLEN];
  struct hack *ph;
  struct cmos_adj *pca = get_cmos_adjustment();

  sethackent();
  for (n = 0; (ph = gethackent()); n++)
    prev = *ph;                 /* fetch last line from logfile */
  endhackent();
  if (n == 0)
    {
      printf("No previous clock comparison in log file\n");
      return 0;
    }
  undisturbed_sys = undisturbed_cmos = 1;

  printf("Last clock comparison was at %.24s\n", ctime(&prev.log));
  
  if (txc.tick == prev.tick && txc.freq == prev.freq)
    printf("Kernel time variables are unchanged - good.\n");
  else
    {
      printf("Kernel time variables have changed - bad.\n");
      undisturbed_sys = 0;
    }
  if (txc.status & 64)
    printf("System clock is currently not disciplined - good.\n");
  else
    {
      printf("System clock is synchronized (by ntpd?) - bad.\n");
      undisturbed_sys = 0;
    }

  {
    time_t lastboot, newtime;
    struct utmp *up;
    
    lastboot = newtime = prev.sys - 1;
    utmpname(WTMP_PATH);
    setutent();
    printf("Checking wtmp file...\n");
    while((up = getutent()))
      {
        if (up->ut_type == BOOT_TIME) 
          lastboot = up->ut_time;
        if (up->ut_type == NEW_TIME) 
          newtime = up->ut_time;
      }
    endutent();
    if (lastboot < prev.sys)
      printf("System has not booted since %.24s - good.\n", 
             ctime(&prev.log));
    else
      {
        printf("System was booted at %.24s - bad.\n", ctime(&lastboot));
        undisturbed_sys = 0;
      }
    if (newtime < prev.sys)
      printf("System time has not been changed since %.24s - good.\n", 
             ctime(&prev.log));
    else
      {
        printf("System time was reset at %.24s - bad.\n", ctime(&newtime));
        undisturbed_sys = 0;
      }
  }

  if (pca)
    {
      printf("Checking %s...\n", ADJPATH);
      if (pca->ca_adj_time < prev.log)
        printf(
"/sbin/clock has not set system time and adjusted the cmos clock \n"
"since %.24s - good.\n", 
ctime(&prev.log));
      else
        {
          printf("/sbin/clock set system time and adjusted the cmos clock \n"
                 "at %.24s - bad.\n", 
                 ctime(&pca->ca_adj_time));
          undisturbed_sys = undisturbed_cmos = 0;
        }
    }

  do 
    {
      default_answer = undisturbed_sys?'y':'n';
      printf("\nAre you sure that, since %.24s,\n", ctime(&prev.log));
      printf("  the system clock has run continuously,\n");
      printf("  it has not been reset with `date' or `/sbin/clock`,\n");
      printf("  the kernel time variables have not been changed, and\n");
      printf("  the computer has not been suspended? (y/n) [%c] ", 
             default_answer);
      fgets(buf, BUFLEN, stdin);
      ch = buf[0];
      if (ch == '\n') ch = default_answer;
    } while (ch != 'n' && ch != 'y');

  if ((undisturbed_sys = (ch == 'y')))
    {
      double drift_sys_ppm, err_sys_ppm;
      int digits;
      drift_sys_ppm = ((ftime_sys - ftime_ref) - (prev.sys - prev.ref))*
        1.e6/(ftime_ref - prev.ref);
      err_sys_ppm = (prev.sigma_ref + sigma_ref)*1.e6/
        (ftime_ref - prev.ref);
      digits = -(int)floor(log(.5*sigma_ref)/log(10.));
      if (digits < 0) digits = 0;
      
      printf("The estimated error in system time is %.*f +- %.*f ppm\n", 
             digits, drift_sys_ppm, digits, err_sys_ppm);
    }

  return undisturbed_sys;
}

int valid_cmos_rate(double ftime_cmos, double ftime_ref, double sigma_ref)
{
  int default_answer;
  int ch;
  char buf[BUFLEN];

  default_answer = undisturbed_cmos?'y':'n';
  do
    {
      printf("\nAre you sure that, since %.24s,\n", ctime(&prev.log));
      printf("  the real time clock (cmos clock) has run continuously,\n");
      printf("  it has not been reset with `/sbin/clock',\n");
      printf("  no operating system other than Linux has been running, and\n");
      printf("  ntpd has not been running? (y/n) [%c] ", default_answer);
      fgets(buf, BUFLEN, stdin);
      ch = buf[0];
      if (ch == '\n') ch = default_answer;
    } while (ch != 'n' && ch != 'y');
  if ((undisturbed_cmos = (ch == 'y')))
    {
      double drift_cmos_ppm, err_cmos_ppm;
      int digits;
            
      drift_cmos_ppm = 
        ((ftime_cmos - ftime_ref) - (prev.cmos - prev.ref))*
        1.e6/(ftime_ref - prev.ref);
      err_cmos_ppm = (prev.sigma_ref + sigma_ref)*1.e6/
        (ftime_ref - prev.ref);
      digits = -(int)floor(log(.5*err_cmos_ppm)/log(10.));
      if (digits < 0) digits = 0;
      printf("The estimated error in the cmos clock is %.*f +- %.*f ppm\n", 
             digits, drift_cmos_ppm, digits, err_cmos_ppm);
    }

  return undisturbed_cmos;
}

struct cmos_adj *get_cmos_adjustment()
{
  FILE *adj;
  static struct cmos_adj ca;
  if ((adj = fopen (ADJPATH, "r")) == NULL)
    {
      perror (ADJPATH);
      exit (2);
    }
  if (fscanf (adj, "%lf %ld %lf", 
              &ca.ca_factor, 
              &ca.ca_adj_time, 
              &ca.ca_remainder) < 0)
    {
      perror (ADJPATH);
      exit (2);
    }
  fclose (adj);
#ifdef DEBUG
  printf ("CMOS clock was last adjusted %s", ctime(&ca.ca_adj_time));
#endif
  return &ca;
}

/* return the difference in seconds: cmos_time - system_time */
static double
compare_cmos_sys()
{
  struct tm tm;
  time_t cmos_time;
  double system_sec;
  double dif;
  int i;
  extern char *optarg;
  struct timeval now;

  if (geteuid() != 0)
    {
      struct tm bdt;
      char before[256], after[256];
      int fd = open("/proc/rtc", O_RDONLY);
      if (fd == -1)
        {
          fprintf(stderr, "kernel lacks enhanced real time clock support, "
                  "so only root can read RTC\n");
          exit(1);
        }
      read(fd, before, sizeof(before));
      close(fd);
      do
        {
          fd = open("/proc/rtc", O_RDONLY);
          read(fd, after, sizeof(after));
          gettimeofday (&now, NULL);
          close(fd);
        } while (!strncmp(before, after, strlen(after)));
      strptime(after, "rtc_time : %H:%M:%S\nrtc_date : %Y-%m-%d", &bdt);

      if (universal)            /* also set tm_wday and tm_yday */
        cmos_time = mkgmtime(&bdt);
      else
        cmos_time = mktime(&bdt);
#ifdef DEBUG
      printf("RTC says date & time are %.24s %s\n",
             asctime(&bdt), tzname[bdt.tm_isdst?1:0]);
#endif
      system_sec = now.tv_sec + .000001 * now.tv_usec;
      dif = (double)cmos_time - system_sec;
      return dif;
    }
  else                          /* I am superuser */
    {
      cmos_init ();

      /* read RTC exactly on falling edge of update flag */
      /* Wait for rise.... (may take up to 1 second) */

      for (i = 0; i < 10000000; i++)
        if (CMOS_READ (10) & 0x80)
          break;

      /* Wait for fall.... (must try at least 2.228 ms) */

      for (i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
        if (!(CMOS_READ (10) & 0x80))
          break;

      /* The "do" loop is "low-risk programming" */
      /* In theory it should never run more than once */
      do
        {
          tm.tm_sec = cmos_read_bcd (0);
          tm.tm_min = cmos_read_bcd (2);
          tm.tm_hour = cmos_read_bcd (4);
          tm.tm_wday = cmos_read_bcd (6);
          tm.tm_mday = cmos_read_bcd (7);
          tm.tm_mon = cmos_read_bcd (8);
          tm.tm_year = cmos_read_bcd (9);
        }
      while (tm.tm_sec != cmos_read_bcd (0));

      /* fetch system time immediately */
      gettimeofday (&now, NULL);

      tm.tm_mon--;              /* DOS uses 1 base */
      tm.tm_wday -= 3;          /* DOS uses 3 - 9 for week days */
      tm.tm_isdst = -1;         /* don't know whether it's daylight */
      if ((tm.tm_year += (epoch - 1900)) <= 69)
        tm.tm_year += 100;
#ifdef DEBUG
      printf (" mday=%d  mon=%d  wday=%d  year=%d\n",
              tm.tm_mday, tm.tm_mon, tm.tm_wday, tm.tm_year);
      printf ("Cmos time  %d:%02d:%02d\n", tm.tm_hour, tm.tm_min, tm.tm_sec);
#endif
    }
  /*
   * Mktime assumes we're giving it local time.  If the CMOS clock is in
   * GMT, we have to set up TZ so mktime knows it.  Tzset gets called
   * implicitly by the time code, but only the first time.  When
   * changing the environment variable, better call tzset explicitly.
   */
  if (universal)
    {
#ifdef ZONESWITCH
      zone = (char *) getenv ("TZ");    /* save original time zone */
      (void) putenv ("TZ=");
      tzset ();
      cmos_time = mktime (&tm);
      /* now put back the original zone */
      if (zone)
        {
          if ((strlen (zone) + 4) > sizeof (zonebuf))
            {
              fprintf (stderr, "Size of TZ variable is too long\n");
              exit (2);
            }
          strcpy (zonebuf, "TZ=");
          strcat (zonebuf, zone);
          putenv (zonebuf);
        }
      else
        {                       /* wasn't one, so clear it */
          putenv ("TZ");
        }
      tzset ();
      printf ("%s", ctime (&cmos_time));
#else /* !ZONESWITCH */
      cmos_time = mkgmtime(&tm);
#endif
    }  
  else
    {
      cmos_time = mktime (&tm);
      /* printf ("%s", asctime (&tm)); */
    }

  system_sec = now.tv_sec + .000001 * now.tv_usec;
#ifdef DEBUG
  printf ("Number of seconds since 1/1/1970 is %ld\n",
          (long) cmos_time);
#endif

  dif = (double)cmos_time - system_sec;

  return dif;
}


static FILE *lfile;             /* pointer to log file, or NULL if it
                                   has not been opened yet */

void sethackent(void)
{
  endhackent();
  lfile = fopen(log_path, "r");
  if (!lfile && logging)
    {
      lfile = fopen(log_path, "a+"); /* create it if it doesn't exist */
      if (!lfile)
        {
          fprintf(stderr, "%s does not exist, and could not be created\n",
                  log_path);
          exit(1);
        }
      fseek(lfile, 0L, 0);      /* start at beginning */
    }
}

void endhackent(void)
{
  if (lfile) fclose(lfile);
  lfile = NULL;
}

/* read next entry in clock comparison log, fill a struct hack from
   it, and return a pointer to it.  Ignore lines starting with `#'.
   Return NULL when there are no more lines to read.  */
struct hack *gethackent(void)
{
  char buf[256], sys_flag, cmos_flag, junk[26];
  static struct hack h;

  if (!lfile) sethackent